What two factors are combined to calculate risk?

The calculation of risk in the context of pesticide use is based on the combination of toxicity and exposure. Toxicity refers to the inherent ability of a substance to cause harm or adverse effects in living organisms, which is determined by the chemical properties of the pesticide. Exposure, on the other hand, quantifies how much or how often an individual or environment comes into contact with that pesticide.

When both toxicity and exposure are considered together, they provide a comprehensive picture of the potential risk associated with pesticide use. High toxicity combined with significant exposure would typically result in a higher risk, whereas low toxicity with limited exposure would suggest a lower risk. This relationship is essential for safe pesticide application and for determining appropriate safety measures to minimize harm to humans, animals, and the environment.

In contrast, other options do not accurately represent the fundamental elements required to assess risk in this context. For instance, dosage and frequency may relate to exposure, but they don't inherently capture the concept of toxicity. Similarly, while hazard and vulnerability are vital concepts within broader risk assessment, they are not the direct factors for calculating risk in this specific context.